Kukho iithiyori ezimbalwa ezichaza ukuba kutheni eminye imibutho ingcono ekufundeni kwiintsilelo, kodwa uninzi lwezi ngcamango zikhomba "kwinkcubeko", 'imozulu’ kunye 'nokhuseleko lwengqondo'. Le yimiba enzima ukuyiqonda, ungasathethi ke xa uzama ukuyiphumeza kumbutho wakho. Kuyavela ukuba ukufundela umbutho akukho lula, ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo ukuba ukungaphumeleli sisiqalo. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lomntu kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni kukho iiyantlukwano phakathi kwabantu ababini ekufundeni ekuphumeleleni. Ngokukodwa xa uthelekisa ukufunda ixesha elide. Ngamanye amazwi: kutheni umntu eyingcali, kodwa hayi enye?

Ukujonga iithiyori malunga nokuba yingcaphephe, inika uSwede uKarl Anders Ericsson (Ericsson, 1993; Ericsson, 1994; Ericsson, 2007) ingcaciso yalo mahluko. Apho ezinye izazinzulu zixoxa ukuba izakhono ezikhethekileyo zihlala zimiselwa yitalente, U-Ericsson ubanga ngenye indlela. U-Ericsson uthi eyahlukileyo 'kumntu oqhelekileyo', ingcaphephe inenkqubo yoqeqesho ethile ayibiza ngokuba “ziqhelisa ngabom”. Ukuziqhelanisa ngabom kubandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo (Ericsson, 2006):

1. Ukuhlalisana ngomxholo
2. Ukufumana umqeqeshi onokumisela iinjongo ezithile
3. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokulinganisa ukuphuculwa
4. Ukudala imijelo eyakhayo yempendulo eqhubekayo kunye nekhawulezayo
5. Uphuhliso lokumelwa komgangatho wokwenziwa komsebenzi
6. Uqeqesho oluphuhliswe ngumqeqeshi ukufezekisa umgudu omkhulu kunye nokugxila
7. Ukufunda ukusebenzisa uvandlakanyo lwesiqu sakho kunye nokwenza imiboniso yomnye yentsebenzo ephezulu.
8. Ukuphuhlisa iiseshini zakho zoqeqesho ukwenza umgudu omkhulu kunye nokugxila.

Kukho iingxaki ezimbalwa ekuthatheni le ithiyori ukusuka kwinqanaba lomntu ukuya kwinqanaba lombutho. Ngokuyintloko; 1) ingxelo mayibe ngqo kwaye 2) ingxelo kufuneka ichaze kanye ukuba yintoni eyonakeleyo kwaye bekufanele ukuba yintoni na. Kwinqanaba lomntu ngamnye, oku kulula ukucinga ngokucinga ngomdlali wentenetya obetha ibhola kwaye umqeqeshi wamxelela ngokukhawuleza ukuba yintoni ephosakeleyo kunye nendlela yokuphucula.. Oku phantse akunakwenzeka kumbutho kwaye kunzima ngakumbi kwimibutho enzima efana nezibhedlele. Imibutho enjalo iya kufuna isixa esikhulu sedatha ukuqikelela ulwazi olugqibeleleyo. Ke kutheni uEricsson encedisa ukuphuhlisa ithiyori malunga nokufunda kombutho??

Ithiyori edumileyo yokuba yingcaphephe yi 10.000 ulawulo lweyure nguMalcolm Gladwell (2008). Kuphela xa umntu wenza umyinge ogqithisileyo womgudu wokuqeqesha isakhono, ngaba uya kufikelela kwinqanaba lengcali. Nangona kunjalo, u-Ericsson akabelani ngale nkolelo kwaye ujonga umgangatho woqeqesho (njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla). Umzekelo womgangatho ophezulu wokuziqhelanisa ngamabom iya kuba ngabadlali bechess abalinganisa imidlalo edumileyo kwaye bajonge ngokukhawuleza ukuba intshukumo yabo “ekunene” move kukuba umakhulu naye ukhethe. Ericsson (1994) bafumanise ukuba ootamkhulu abaqeqeshe ngale ndlela bachitha iiyure ezimbalwa kakhulu kunabo baqeqeshwa kukudlala imidlalo emininzi kangangoko.. Ingongoma apha kukuba hayi ubungakanani, kodwa umgangatho woqeqesho ubalulekile. Ngethamsanqa, inani leempazamo ezifundiswa kwizibhedlele azikho zininzi njengeebhola ezitshaywe ngumdlali wentenetya kumsebenzi wakhe.. Ukuziqhelanisa ngamabom ke ngoko kubalulekile ukuze kusetyenziswe inkqubo yemihla ngemihla yemibutho, kuba zininzi iimpazamo onokufunda kuzo. Indlela elungileyo yokuba umbutho ube ngcono kukufunda kwiimpazamo zabo njengoko ingcali ibiya kwenza.

Oku kuvakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuba kube yinyani kwinqanaba lomntu. Nawuphi na umntwana unokuba nguRoger Federer olandelayo ukuba nje amanyathelo asibhozo ka-Ericsson elandelwa. Akumangalisi ukuba ithiyori ka-Ericsson igxekwe ngokubanzi. Kwi 2014 Umba wonke wejenali yezemfundo i-Intelligence yayizinikele ekukhanyeni amabango akhe (Umdaka, Kok, Isivumelwano & Inkampu, 2014; Ackerman, 2014; Grabner, 2014; Hamrick et al., 2014). Oku kukhokelele kwisixa esibalulekileyo sophando kwezinye izinto ezimisela ubungcali (IQ, uthando, inkuthazo), ezinezigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo malunga nempembelelo eyenziwa ngabom kumgangatho wobuchule bomntu. Nangona kunjalo phantse lonke uphononongo lufumana isiphumo esihle esibalulekileyo. Ukongeza kwinqanaba lomntu ngamnye, ezinye izifundo ziye zaqhutywa kwinqanaba elikhulu lokufunda. Uphononongo olupapashwe kwijenali yodumo lweNdalo (Yin et al., 2019) umzekelo, iphetha ngokuthi ukuphuculwa kwentsebenzo kwimibutho kwenzeka emva kokungaphumeleli okuthile kwaye kungekhona emva kokusilela okuthile.

Uncwadi lwenzululwazi alunakucacisa ngokupheleleyo ukufunda okanye ukungafundi emva kokusilela kwinqanaba lombutho. Uninzi lwezifundo kwizifundo zombutho ziphela ngo: “utshintsho lwenkcubeko luyimfuneko…”. Ngokombono wam, ezi ngcebiso ziqulethe ixabiso elifanelekileyo lengxolo, ukwenza izindululo ezifanayo azinamsebenzi kubalawuli nakubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Kwinqanaba lomntu ngamnye, le ngxolo ibangele ukumiselwa kwezinto eziphathekayo. Ithiyori enokuthi ichaze okwenzekayo phakathi kwamanqanaba (umntu kunye nombutho) ayisekho. Ukongezelela, andicingi ukuba ukufunda ekungaphumeleli kuqinisekisiwe xa umbutho uneempawu zentlangano yokufunda. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba uphando lwenziwe 'kwitalente'.’ ye ‘IQ’ yombutho ukufunda, indlela umbutho weengcali ofunda ngayo kwaye loluphi uhlobo lokusilela olumisela isakhono sokufunda. Isifundo sam sokuqala sithethelela ubukho bokusilela 'okubi' kunye 'nokulungileyo', kodwa yintoni eyenza ukusilela kuqaqambe ngokwenene kufuna uphando olungakumbi. Yiyo loo nto ndivala ngamazwi ka-Ericsson (1994):

"Ingxelo yenzululwazi yokwenyani yokusebenza okugqwesileyo kufuneka ichaze ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso olukhokelela ekusebenzeni okugqwesileyo kunye nemfuzo kunye neempawu ezifunyenweyo eziyilamla".

Iimbekiselo

• Ackerman, P. L. (2014). Ubuvuvu, ingqondo yokucinga, kunye nenzululwazi yokusebenza kweengcali: Iitalente kunye nokwahluka komntu ngamnye. Ubukrelekrele, 45, 6-17.
• Umdaka, A. B., Kok, E. M., Isivumelwano, J., & Inkampu, G. (2014). Ziqhelise, ubukrelekrele, kunye nolonwabo kubadlali be-novice chess: Isifundo esilindelekileyo kwinqanaba lokuqala lomsebenzi wechess. Ubukrelekrele, 45, 18-25.
• Ericsson, K. A. (2006). Impembelelo yamava kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngabom ekuphuhliseni ukusebenza kwengcali ephezulu. Incwadi yeCambridge yobungcali kunye nokusebenza kweengcali, 38, 685-705.
• Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Ukusebenza kwengcali: Ubume bayo kunye nokufumana. Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika, 49(8), 725.
• Ericsson, K. A., Iicramps, R. T., & Tesch-Roman, C. (1993). Indima yokusebenza ngabom ekufumaneni umsebenzi weengcali. Uphononongo lwengqondo, 100(3), 363.
• Ericsson, K. A., I-Prietula, M. J., & Cokely, E. T. (2007). Ukwenziwa kwengcali. Uphononongo lweshishini laseHarvard, 85(7/8), 114.
• Gladwell, M. (2008). Abangaphandle: Ibali lempumelelo. Kancinci, Ntsundu.
• Grabner, R. H. (2014). Indima yobukrelekrele kwintsebenzo kwi-prototypical expertise domain of chess. Ubukrelekrele, 45, 26-33.
• Hamrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Ukuziqhelanisa ngabom: Ngaba yiloo nto kuphela efunekayo ukuze ube yingcali?. Ubukrelekrele, 45, 34-45.
• Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Evans, J. A., & Wang, D. (2019). Ukulinganisa amandla okusilela kuyo yonke inzululwazi, ukuqala kunye nokhuseleko. Indalo, 575(7781), 190-194.