Kunemibono embalwa echaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinhlangano zingcono ekufundeni ekuhlulekeni, kodwa iningi lale mibono likhomba "isiko", 'isimo sezulu’ kanye 'nokuphepha kwengqondo'. Lezi izici ezinzima ukuziqonda, ingasaphathwa-ke uma uzama ukukusebenzisa enhlanganweni yakho. Kuvele ukuthi ukufundela inhlangano akulula, ngokuqinisekile akunjalo uma ukwehluleka kuyisiqalo. Nokho, ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kunomehluko phakathi kwabantu ababili ekufundeni ekuhlulekeni. Ikakhulukazi uma uqhathanisa ukufunda esikhathini eside. Ngamanye amazwi: kungani umuntu enguchwepheshe, kodwa hhayi omunye?

Ukubheka imibono mayelana nokuba uchwepheshe, inikeza uKarl Anders Ericsson waseSweden (Ericsson, 1993; Ericsson, 1994; Ericsson, 2007) incazelo yalo mehluko. Lapho abanye ososayensi bephikisana ngokuthi amakhono akhethekile ngokuvamile anqunywa ithalente, U-Ericsson ufuna okuhlukile. U-Ericsson uphikisa ukuthi wehlukile 'kumuntu ojwayelekile', uchwepheshe unohlelo oluthile lokuqeqesha alubiza ngokuthi “ukwenza ngamabomu”. Ukuzijwayeza ngamabomu kuqukethe izinyathelo ezilandelayo (Ericsson, 2006):

1. Ukuhlalisana nesihloko
2. Ukuthola umqeqeshi ongazibekela imigomo ethile
3. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokukala ukuthuthukiswa
4. Ukudala iziteshi ezinhle zempendulo eqhubekayo nesheshayo
5. Ukuthuthukiswa kokumelelwa kokusebenza okuphezulu
6. Ukuqeqeshwa okuthuthukiswe umqeqeshi ukuze kuzuzwe umzamo omkhulu nokugxila
7. Ukufunda ukusebenzisa ukuzihlola nokwenza izethulo zakho zokusebenza okuphezulu.
8. Ukuthuthukisa amaseshini akho okuqeqesha ukuze ukhiqize umzamo omkhulu nokugxilisa ingqondo.

Kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ekuthatheni le thiyori ukusuka ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye ukuya ezingeni lenhlangano. Ikakhulukazi; 1) impendulo kufanele iqonde futhi 2) impendulo kufanele ichaze kahle ukuthi yini okungahambanga kahle nokuthi bekumele kube yini. Ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye, lokhu kulula ukukucabanga ngokucabanga ngomdlali wethenisi eshaya ibhola futhi umqeqeshi amtshele ngokushesha ukuthi yini engalungile nokuthi angathuthuka kanjani.. Lokhu cishe akunakwenzeka enhlanganweni futhi kunzima nakakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezibhedlela. Izinhlangano ezinjalo zingadinga inani elikhulu ledatha ukuze zilinganisele ulwazi oluphelele. Pho kungani u-Ericsson esiza ekwakheni ithiyori mayelana nokufunda kwenhlangano??

Ithiyori edumile yokuba uchwepheshe yile 10.000 ukubusa kwehora nguMalcolm Gladwell (2008). Kuphela uma othile enza umzamo owedlulele wokuqeqesha ikhono, ingabe uzosondela ezingeni lochwepheshe. Nokho, u-Ericsson akahambisani nale nkolelo futhi ubheka ikhwalithi yokuqeqeshwa (njengoba kushiwo ngenhla). Isibonelo somkhuba owenziwe ngamabomu wekhwalithi ephezulu kungaba abadlali be-chess abalingisa imidlalo edumile futhi bahlole ngokushesha ukuthi umnyakazo wabo “kwesokudla” umnyakazo wukuthi naye umkhulu usekhethe. Ericsson (1994) bathole ukuthi ogogo abaqeqeshwe ngale ndlela bachitha amahora ambalwa kakhulu kunalabo abaqeqeshelwa ukudlala imidlalo eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka.. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi akulona inani, kodwa izinga lokuqeqeshwa libalulekile. Ngenhlanhla, inani lamaphutha ezibhedlela ezifunda kuwo aliningi njengamabhola ashaywe ngumdlali wethenisi emsebenzini wakhe.. Ngakho-ke ukwenza ngamabomu kubalulekile ukuze kusetshenziswe ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kwezinhlangano, ngoba maningi nje amaphutha okufunda kuwo. Indlela enhle yokuthi inhlangano ibe ngcono ukufunda emaphutheni ayo njengoba uchwepheshe engenza.

Lokhu kuzwakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuthi kungaba yiqiniso kuzinga lomuntu ngamunye. Noma iyiphi ingane ingase ibe uRoger Federer olandelayo inqobo nje uma kulandelwa izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zika-Ericsson. Akumangalisi ukuthi ithiyori ka-Ericsson igxekwe kakhulu. Ku- 2014 Lonke udaba lwephephabhuku lezemfundo i-Intelligence lanikelwa ekuphikiseni lokho akushoyo (Insundu, Kok, I-Leppink & Ikamu, 2014; Ackerman, 2014; Grabner, 2014; Hamrick et al., 2014). Lokhu kuholele esilinganisweni esibalulekile socwaningo kwezinye izici zobuchwepheshe (I-IQ, uthando, ugqozi), ezineziphetho ezehlukene mayelana nomthelela umkhuba owenziwa ngamabomu onawo ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye. Nokho cishe zonke izifundo zithola umphumela omuhle obalulekile. Ngaphezu kwezinga lomuntu ngamunye, ezinye izifundo ziye zenziwa ezingeni elikhulu lokufunda. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kujenali yodumo i-Nature (Yin et al., 2019) Ngokwesibonelo, iphetha ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza ezinhlanganweni kwenzeka ngemva kokwehluleka okuthile hhayi ngemva kokuhluleka okuthile.

Imibhalo yesayensi ayikwazi okwamanje ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukufunda noma ukungafundi ngemuva kokwehluleka ezingeni lenhlangano. Izifundo eziningi ngokufunda kwenhlangano ziphela ngo: “ushintsho lwamasiko luyadingeka…”. Ngokubona kwami, lezi zincomo ziqukethe inani elilinganayo lomsindo, ukwenza izincomo ezifanayo zingasizi ngalutho kubaphathi nakubakhi bezinqubomgomo. Ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye, lo msindo ugqugquzele ukunqunywa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ithiyori engachaza ukuthi kwenzekani phakathi kwamazinga (umuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlangano) akakatholakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angicabangi ukuthi ukufunda ekuhlulekeni kuqinisekisiwe uma inhlangano inezici zenhlangano efundayo. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo mayelana 'nethalente'’ kwe 'IQ’ wenhlangano ukufunda, ukuthi inhlangano yochwepheshe ifunda kanjani nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokwehluleka olunquma ikhono lokufunda. Ucwaningo lwami lokuqala luphikisana nokuba khona kokwehluleka 'okubi' kanye 'nokuhle', kodwa okwenza ukwehluleka kuhlakaniphe ngempela kudinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Yingakho ngivala ngamazwi ka-Ericsson (1994):

"I-akhawunti yesayensi yangempela yokusebenza okukhethekile kufanele ichaze ngokuphelele kokubili intuthuko eholela ekusebenzeni okukhethekile kanye nezici zofuzo kanye nezici ezitholiwe eziyixhumanisayo".

Izikhombo

• Ackerman, P. L. (2014). Umbhedo, yenza umqondo, kanye nesayensi yokusebenza kochwepheshe: Ukwehluka kwethalente nokwabantu ngabanye. Ubuhlakani, 45, 6-17.
• Insundu, A. B., Kok, E. M., I-Leppink, J., & Ikamu, G. (2014). Prakthiza, ubuhlakani, kanye nokujabulela abadlali be-novice chess: Isifundo esingase sibe khona esigabeni sokuqala somsebenzi wechess. Ubuhlakani, 45, 18-25.
• Ericsson, K. A. (2006). Umthelela wesipiliyoni nokuzijwayeza ngamabomu ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kochwepheshe okuphezulu. Incwadi ye-Cambridge yobungcweti nokusebenza kochwepheshe, 38, 685-705.
• Ericsson, K. A., & UCharness, N. (1994). Ukusebenza kochwepheshe: Isakhiwo nokutholwa kwayo. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika, 49(8), 725.
• Ericsson, K. A., Amajaqamba, R. T., & I-Tesch-Roman, C. (1993). Iqhaza lokuzijwayeza ngamabomu ekutholeni ukusebenza kochwepheshe. Ukubuyekezwa kwengqondo, 100(3), 363.
• Ericsson, K. A., I-Prietula, M. J., & Cokely, E. T. (2007). Ukwenziwa kochwepheshe. Ukubuyekezwa kwebhizinisi laseHarvard, 85(7/8), 114.
• Gladwell, M. (2008). Ama-Outliers: Indaba yempumelelo. Kancane, Brown.
• Grabner, R. H. (2014). Iqhaza lobuhlakani bokusebenza kusizinda sobuchwepheshe be-prototypical chess. Ubuhlakani, 45, 26-33.
• Hamrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., U-Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Ukuzijwayeza ngamabomu: Ingabe yilokho kuphela okudingekayo ukuze ube uchwepheshe?. Ubuhlakani, 45, 34-45.
• Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Evans, J. A., & Wang, D. (2019). Ukulinganisa amandla okwehluleka kuyo yonke isayensi, ukuqalisa nokuvikeleka. Imvelo, 575(7781), 190-194.