Pali malingaliro angapo omwe amafotokoza chifukwa chake mabungwe ena amaphunzira bwino kuchokera ku zolephera, koma ambiri mwa ziphunzitso izi amaloza ku "chikhalidwe", 'nyengo’ ndi 'chitetezo chamaganizo'. Izi ndizovuta kuzimvetsetsa, osasiyapo ngati mukuyesera kukhazikitsa mu bungwe lanu. Zikuoneka kuti kuphunzira kwa bungwe si kophweka, ndithudi ayi ngati kulephera ndiko poyambira. Oyang'anira nthawi zambiri amayenera kuyang'anira zandalama ndikuyang'ana zovuta zazatsopano, pamlingo wapayekha ndizosavuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake pali kusiyana pakati pa anthu awiri pakuphunzira kuchokera pakulephera. Makamaka ngati mufananiza kuphunzira kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwanjira ina: chifukwa chiyani munthu ndi katswiri, koma osati winayo?

Kuyang'ana malingaliro okhudza kukhala katswiri, amapereka Swede Karl Anders Ericsson (Ericsson, 1993; Ericsson, 1994; Ericsson, 2007) kufotokoza kwa kusiyana kumeneku. Pomwe asayansi ena amatsutsa kuti luso lapadera nthawi zambiri limatsimikiziridwa ndi luso, Ericsson akunena mosiyana. Ericsson akuti mosiyana ndi 'munthu wamba', Katswiri ali ndi pulogalamu yophunzitsira yomwe amatcha "kuchita mwadala". Kuchita mwadala kumakhala ndi njira zotsatirazi (Ericsson, 2006):

1. Socialization ndi phunziro
2. Kupeza mphunzitsi yemwe angathe kukhazikitsa zolinga zenizeni
3. Kupanga njira zoyezera zowonjezera
4. Kupanga njira zabwino zoperekera ndemanga mosalekeza komanso nthawi yomweyo
5. Kupititsa patsogolo chiwonetsero cha ntchito yapamwamba
6. Maphunziro opangidwa ndi mphunzitsi kuti akwaniritse kuyesetsa kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika
7. Kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito kudziyesa nokha ndikupanga zowonetsera zanu zakuchita bwino kwambiri.
8. Kupanga magawo anu ophunzitsira kuti mupange khama lalikulu komanso kukhazikika.

Pali zovuta zochepa pakuchotsa chiphunzitsochi kuchokera pagulu la munthu kupita kugulu. Makamaka; 1) mayankho ayenera kukhala mwachindunji ndi 2) ndemanga ziyenera kufotokoza ndendende zomwe zidalakwika ndi zomwe zimayenera kukhala. Payekha, izi ndizosavuta kulingalira poganizira wosewera mpira wa tennis akumenya mpira ndipo mphunzitsi nthawi yomweyo amamuuza zomwe zidalakwika komanso momwe angasinthire.. Izi ndizosatheka ku bungwe komanso zovuta kwambiri kwa mabungwe ovuta monga zipatala. Mabungwe oterowo angafune kuchuluka kwa data kuti angoyerekeza chidziwitso changwiro. Nanga nchifukwa chiyani Ericsson akuthandizira kupanga chiphunzitso chokhudza kuphunzira m'bungwe??

Chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino chokhala katswiri ndi 10.000 ulamuliro wa ola la Malcolm Gladwell (2008). Pokhapokha ngati wina achita khama kwambiri kuti aphunzitse luso, kodi iye angafikire mlingo wa katswiri. Komabe, Ericsson samagwirizana ndi chikhulupiriro ichi ndipo amayang'ana ubwino wa maphunzirowo (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa). Chitsanzo chakuchita mwadala kwapamwamba kungakhale osewera chess omwe amatsanzira machesi otchuka ndikuwunika mwachangu ngati kusuntha kwawo ndiko “yolondola” kusuntha ndikuti agogo nawonso asankha. Ericsson (1994) adapeza kuti agogo aakazi omwe amaphunzitsidwa mwanjira imeneyi amathera maola ocheperapo kuposa omwe maphunziro awo amakhala kusewera machesi ambiri momwe angathere.. Mfundo apa ndikuti osati kuchuluka kwake, koma ubwino wa maphunzirowo ndi wofunika. Mwamwayi, kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zomwe zipatala zimaphunzira kuchokera sikofanana ndi mipira yomwe wosewera mpira wa tennis amagunda pantchito yake.. Kuchita mwadala kotero ndikofunikira kuti mugwiritse ntchito pazochita zatsiku ndi tsiku za mabungwe, chifukwa pali zolakwa zambiri zoti tiphunzirepo. Njira yabwino kuti bungwe liziyenda bwino ndikuphunzira kuchokera ku zolakwa zawo monga momwe katswiri angachitire.

Izi zikumveka zabwino kwambiri kuti zisachitike pamunthu payekha. Mwana aliyense akhoza kukhala Roger Federer wotsatira bola masitepe asanu ndi atatu a Ericsson atsatiridwa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti chiphunzitso cha Ericsson chatsutsidwa kwambiri. Mu 2014 Nkhani yonse ya m'magazini ya maphunziro a Intelligence inali yotsutsa zonena zake (Wabulauni, Koma, Leppink & Msasa, 2014; Ackerman, 2014; Grabner, 2014; Hamrick et al., 2014). Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wambiri pazigawo zina zaukadaulo (IQ, chilakolako, chilimbikitso), ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudza momwe machitidwe adala amakhudzira luso la munthu. Komabe pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense amapeza zotsatira zabwino. Kuphatikiza pamlingo wamunthu payekha, maphunziro ena adachitikanso pamlingo waukulu wamaphunziro. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini otchuka a Nature (Yin et al., 2019) Mwachitsanzo, amamaliza kuti kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito m'mabungwe kumachitika pambuyo polephera kwina osati pambuyo pa kulephera kwina.

Zolemba zasayansi sizingathe kufotokoza mokwanira kuphunzira kapena kusaphunzira pambuyo polephera pagulu. Maphunziro ambiri pa maphunziro a bungwe amatha ndi: “kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndikofunikira…”. M'malingaliro anga, malingaliro awa ali ndi phokoso labwino, kupanga malingaliro ofananawo opanda ntchito kwa oyang'anira ndi opanga mfundo. Payekha, phokosoli lapangitsa kutsimikiza kwa zinthu zenizeni. Chiphunzitso chomwe chingafotokoze zomwe zimachitika pakati pa magulu (munthu ndi bungwe) akusowabe. Kuonjezera apo, sindikuganiza kuti kuphunzira kuchokera ku kulephera kumatsimikiziridwa pamene bungwe liri ndi makhalidwe a bungwe lophunzirira. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wa 'talente'.’ pa 'IQ’ za bungwe kuti aphunzire, momwe bungwe la akatswiri limaphunzirira ndi mtundu wanji wolephera umatsimikizira luso la kuphunzira. Phunziro langa loyamba likunena za kukhalapo kwa zolephera 'zoyipa' ndi 'zabwino', koma chomwe chimapangitsa kulephera kukhala kwanzeru kumafunikira kafukufuku wochulukirapo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndimatseka ndi mawu a Ericsson (1994):

"Nkhani yeniyeni ya sayansi yochita bwino kwambiri iyenera kufotokoza zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azichita bwino kwambiri komanso momwe majini amapezera komanso zomwe zimagwirizanitsa".

Maumboni

• Ackerman, P. L. (2014). Zachabechabe, nzeru, ndi sayansi ya luso la akatswiri: Matalente ndi kusiyana kwapayekha. Luntha, 45, 6-17.
• Wabulauni, A. B., Koma, E. M., Leppink, J., & Msasa, G. (2014). Yesetsani, nzeru, komanso kusangalala ndi osewera a novice chess: Kafukufuku woyembekezeredwa koyambirira kwa ntchito ya chess. Luntha, 45, 18-25.
• Ericsson, K. A. (2006). Chikoka cha zochitika ndi kuchita mwadala pa chitukuko cha akatswiri apamwamba ntchito. Buku la Cambridge la ukatswiri komanso magwiridwe antchito aukadaulo, 38, 685-705.
• Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Kuchita kwa akatswiri: Mapangidwe ake ndi kupeza. Katswiri wa zamaganizo waku America, 49(8), 725.
• Ericsson, K. A., Zopweteka, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). Ntchito yochita mwadala pakupeza akatswiri ogwira ntchito. Ndemanga zamaganizidwe, 100(3), 363.
• Ericsson, K. A., Bwenzi, M. J., & Cokely, E. T. (2007). Kupanga katswiri. Ndemanga ya bizinesi ya Harvard, 85(7/8), 114.
• Gladwell, M. (2008). Zakunja: Nkhani ya kupambana. Pang'ono, Brown.
• Grabner, R. H. (2014). Udindo wa luntha pakuchita bwino mu prototypical expertise domain of chess. Luntha, 45, 26-33.
• Hamrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Mayinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014). Kuchita mwadala: Ndizo zonse zomwe zimafunika kuti mukhale katswiri?. Luntha, 45, 34-45.
• Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Evans, J. A., & Wang, D. (2019). Kuwerengera mphamvu za kulephera mu sayansi yonse, zoyambira ndi chitetezo. Chilengedwe, 575(7781), 190-194.